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Malcolm (Gaelic: ''Máel Coluim''; c. 1031 - 13 November 1093) was King of Scots from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed Canmore (''ceann mòr'') in Scottish Gaelic, "Great Chief". (Ceann = leader, "head" (state ). Mòr = pre-eminent, great, "big".) 〔Magnusson, p. 61〕〔Burton, vol. 1, p. 350, states: "Malcolm the son of Duncan is known as Malcolm III., but still better perhaps by his characteristic name of Canmore, said to come from the Celtic 'Cenn Mór', meaning 'great head'". It has also been argued recently that the real "Malcolm Canmore" was this Malcolm's great-grandson Malcolm IV, who is given this name in the contemporary notice of his death. Duncan, pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, p. 17, note 1.〕 Malcolm's long reign, lasting 35 years, preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age. He is the historical equivalent of the character of the same name in Shakespeare's ''Macbeth''. Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained in Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaelic control, and the areas under the control of the Kings of Scots did not advance much beyond the limits set by Malcolm II until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a succession of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as their goal the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria. These wars did not result in any significant advances southwards. Malcolm's main achievement is to have continued a line which would rule Scotland for many years,〔The question of what to call this family is an open one. "House of Dunkeld" is all but unknown; "Canmore kings" and "Canmore dynasty" are not universally accepted, nor are Richard Oram's recent coinage "meic Maíl Coluim" or Michael Lynch's "MacMalcolm". For discussions and examples: Duncan, pp. 53–54; McDonald, ''Outlaws'', p. 3; Barrow, ''Kingship and Unity'', Appendix C; Reid. Broun discusses the question of identity at length.〕 although his role as "founder of a dynasty" has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David, and his descendants, than with any historical reality.〔Hammond, p. 21. The first genealogy known which traces descent from Malcolm, rather than from Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) or Fergus Mór, is dated to the reign of Alexander II, see Broun, pp. 195–200.〕 Malcolm's second wife, Margaret of Wessex, was eventually canonized and is Scotland's only royal saint. Malcolm himself gained no reputation for piety; with the notable exception of Dunfermline Abbey, he is not definitely associated with major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms. ==Background== (詳細はDuncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II, Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. According to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare's ''Macbeth'', Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria,〔Fordun, IV, xliv.〕〔Young also gives her as a niece of Siward. Young, p. 30.〕 but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen.〔Duncan, p. 37; M.O. Anderson, p. 284.〕 Other sources claim that either a daughter or niece would have been too young to fit the timeline, thus the likely relative would have been Siward's own sister Sybil, which may have translated into Gaelic as Suthen. Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth on 15 August 1040. Although Shakespeare's ''Macbeth'' presents Malcolm as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young in 1040,〔The notice of Duncan's death in the ''Annals of Tigernach'', s.a. 1040, says he was "slain ... at an immature age"; Duncan, p.33.〕 and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane were children.〔Duncan, p. 33; Oram, ''David I'', p. 18. There may have been a third brother if Máel Muire of Atholl was a son of Duncan. Oram, ''David I'', p. 97, note 26, rejects this identification.〕 Malcolm's family did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfather Crínán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.〔Duncan, p. 41; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1045 ; Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1045.〕 Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for greater safety—exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm (then aged about nine) was sent to England,〔(Annals of Scotland, Volume 1, By Sir David Dalrymple, Page32 )〕 and his younger brother Donalbane was sent to the Isles.〔Ritchie, p.3〕〔Young, p.30〕 Based on Fordun's account, it was assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor.〔Barrell, p. 13; Barrow, ''Kingship and Unity'', p. 25.〕〔Ritchie, p.3, states that it was fourteen years of exile, partly spent at Edward's Court.〕 According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enemy of Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.〔Duncan, p. 42; Oram, ''David I'', pp. 18–20. Malcolm had ties to Orkney in later life. Earl Thorfinn may have been a grandson of Malcolm II and thus Malcolm's cousin.〕 An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in command, had as its goal the installation of one "Máel Coluim, son of the King of the Cumbrians". This Máel Coluim has traditionally been identified with the later Malcolm III.〔See, for instance, Ritchie, ''Normans'', p. 5, or Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'', p. 570. Ritchie, p. 5, states that Duncan placed his son, the future Malcolm III of Scotland, in possession of Cumbria as its Prince, and states that Siward invaded Scotland in 1054 to restore him to the Scottish throne. Hector Boece also says this (vol.XII p.249), as does Young, p. 30.〕 This interpretation derives from the ''Chronicle'' attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury.〔Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", pp. 133–34; Duncan, ''Kingship'', p. 40〕 The latter reported that Macbeth was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years.〔Oram, ''David I'', p. 29〕 A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scottish king of the same name.〔Duncan, ''Kingship'', pp. 37–41〕 Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf.〔Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", p. 134; Oram, ''David I'', pp. 18–20; Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', p. 262〕 It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of Owen the Bald, British king of Strathclyde〔Duncan, ''Kingship of the Scots'', p. 41〕 perhaps by a daughter of Malcolm II, King of Scotland.〔Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', p. 262〕 In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.〔Ritchie, p. 7〕〔Anderson, ''ESSH'', pp. 600–602; the Prophecy of Berchán has Macbeth wounded in battle and places his death at Scone.〕 Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery",〔According to the Annals of Tigernach; the Annals of Ulster say Lulach was killed in battle against Malcolm; see Anderson, ''ESSH'', pp. 603–604.〕 near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.〔Duncan, pp. 50–51 discusses the dating of these events.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malcolm III of Scotland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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